Crate quick_error

Expand description

A macro which makes errors easy to write

Minimum type is like this:

#[macro_use] extern crate quick_error;

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum SomeError {
        Variant1 {}
    }
}

Both pub and non-public types may be declared, and all meta attributes (such as #[derive(Debug)]) are forwarded as is. The Debug must be implemented (but you may do that yourself if you like). The documentation comments /// something (as well as other meta attrbiutes) on variants are allowed.

Allowed Syntax

You may add arbitrary parameters to any struct variant:

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum SomeError {
        /// IO Error
        Io(err: std::io::Error) {}
        /// Utf8 Error
        Utf8(err: std::str::Utf8Error) {}
    }
}

Note unlike in normal Enum declarations you declare names of fields (which are omitted from type). How they can be used is outlined below.

Now you might have noticed trailing braces {}. They are used to define implementations. By default:

Error::cause() returns None (even if type wraps some value)
Display outputs debug representation
No From implementations are defined

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum SomeError {
        Io(err: std::io::Error) {
            display("{}", err)
        }
        Utf8(err: std::str::Utf8Error) {
            display("utf8 error")
        }
    }
}

To change cause method to return some error, add cause(value), for example:

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum SomeError {
        Io(err: std::io::Error) {
            cause(err)
        }
        Utf8(err: std::str::Utf8Error) {
            display("utf8 error")
        }
        Other(err: Box<std::error::Error>) {
            cause(&**err)
        }
    }
}

Note you don’t need to wrap value in Some, its implicit. In case you want None returned just omit the cause. You can’t return None conditionally.

To change how each clause is Displayed add display(pattern,..args), for example:

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum SomeError {
        Io(err: std::io::Error) {
            display("I/O error: {}", err)
        }
        Utf8(err: std::str::Utf8Error) {
            display("Utf8 error, valid up to {}", err.valid_up_to())
        }
    }
}

If you need a reference to the error when Displaying, you can instead use display(x) -> (pattern, ..args), where x sets the name of the reference.

use std::error::Error; // put methods like `source()` of this trait into scope

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum SomeError {
        Io(err: std::io::Error) {
            display(x) -> ("I/O: {}", err)
        }
        Utf8(err: std::str::Utf8Error) {
            display(self_) -> ("UTF-8 error. Valid up to {}", err.valid_up_to())
        }
    }
}

To convert to the type from any other, use one of the three forms of from clause.

For example, to convert simple wrapper use bare from():

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum SomeError {
        Io(err: std::io::Error) {
            from()
        }
    }
}

This implements From<io::Error>.

To convert to singleton enumeration type (discarding the value), use the from(type) form:

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum SomeError {
        FormatError {
            from(std::fmt::Error)
        }
    }
}

And the most powerful form is from(var: type) -> (arguments...). It might be used to convert to type with multiple arguments or for arbitrary value conversions:

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum SomeError {
        FailedOperation(s: &'static str, errno: i32) {
            from(errno: i32) -> ("os error", errno)
            from(e: std::io::Error) -> ("io error", e.raw_os_error().unwrap())
        }
        /// Converts from both kinds of utf8 errors
        Utf8(err: std::str::Utf8Error) {
            from()
            from(err: std::string::FromUtf8Error) -> (err.utf8_error())
        }
    }
}

Context

Since quick-error 1.1 we also have a context declaration, which is similar to (the longest form of) from, but allows adding some context to the error. We need a longer example to demonstrate this:

use quick_error::ResultExt;

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum Error {
        File(filename: PathBuf, err: io::Error) {
            context(path: &'a Path, err: io::Error)
                -> (path.to_path_buf(), err)
        }
    }
}

fn openfile(path: &Path) -> Result<(), Error> {
    try!(File::open(path).context(path));

    // If we didn't have context, the line above would be written as;
    //
    // try!(File::open(path)
    //     .map_err(|err| Error::File(path.to_path_buf(), err)));

    Ok(())
}

Each context(a: A, b: B) clause implements From<Context<A, B>> for Error. Which means multiple context clauses are a subject to the normal coherence rules. Unfortunately, we can’t provide full support of generics for the context, but you may either use a lifetime 'a for references or AsRef<Type> (the latter means A: AsRef<Type>, and Type must be concrete). It’s also occasionally useful to use a tuple as a type of the first argument.

You also need to use quick_error::ResultExt extension trait to get working .context() method.

Private Enums

Since quick-error 1.2.0 we have a way to make a private enum that is wrapped by public structure:

#[macro_use] extern crate quick_error;

quick_error! {
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum PubError wraps ErrorEnum {
        Variant1 {}
    }
}

This generates data structures like this


pub struct PubError(ErrorEnum);

enum ErrorEnum {
    Variant1,
}

Which in turn allows you to export just PubError in your crate and keep actual enumeration private to the crate. This is useful to keep backwards compatibility for error types. Currently there is no shorcuts to define error constructors for the inner type, but we consider adding some in future versions.

It’s possible to declare internal enum as public too.

Crate quick_error

Allowed Syntax

Context

Private Enums

Macros

Structs

Traits